Scientists work out just how long it would take for a monkey to type out complete works of Shakespeare

The idea that a monkey randomly pressing keys on a typewriter for an infinite amount of time would eventually type out the complete works of Shakespeare is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing, claim scientists.

The Infinite Monkey Theorem is a widely known thought-experiment used to help humanity understand the principles of probability and randomness, and how chance can lead to unexpected outcomes. The idea has been referenced in pop culture from The Simpsons to Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.

However, a new study reveals it would take an unbelievably huge amount of time – far longer than the lifespan of our universe, or as the Bard put it, the last syllable of recorded time, for a typing monkey to randomly produce Shakespeare. So, while the theorem is true, it is also somewhat misleading.

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Associate Professor Stephen Woodcock and Jay Falletta from the University of Technology Sydney (UTS), decided to examine the theorem using instead the limits of our finite universe.

“The Infinite Monkey Theorem only considers the infinite limit, with either an infinite number of monkeys or an infinite time period of monkey labour,” said Associate Professor Woodcock. “We decided to look at the probability of a given string of letters being typed by a finite number of monkeys within a finite time period consistent with estimates for the lifespan of our universe,” he said.

The serious but light-hearted study, A Numerical Evaluation of the Finite Monkeys Theorem, has just been published in the peer-reviewed journal Franklin Open.

For number-crunching purposes, the researchers assumed that a keyboard contains 30 keys including all the letters of the English language plus common punctuation marks.

As well as a single monkey, they also did the calculations using the current global population of around 200,000 chimpanzees, and they assumed a rather productive typing speed of one key every second until the end of the universe in about 10^100 years – that's a 1 followed by 100 zeros.

The results reveal that it is possible (around a 5% chance) for a single chimp to type the word ‘bananas’ in its own lifetime. However, even with all chimps enlisted, the Bard’s entire works (with around 884,647 words) will almost certainly never be typed before the universe goes out, out, brief candle!

“It is not plausible that, even with improved typing speeds or an increase in chimpanzee populations, monkey labour will ever be a viable tool for developing non-trivial written works,” the authors muse.

“This finding places the theorem among other probability puzzles and paradoxes – such as the St. Petersburg paradox, Zeno’s paradox, and the Ross–Littlewood paradox – where using the idea of infinite resources gives results that don’t match up with what we get when we consider the constraints of our universe,” said Associate Professor Woodcock.

In the era of generative AI, the Infinite Monkey Theorem, and its finite version, perhaps also challenge readers to consider philosophical questions around the nature of creativity, meaning and consciousness, and how these qualities emerge.